The 180°Rule

The 180° Degree Rule is a basic guideline regarding the on-screen spatial relationship between a character and another character or object within a scene. An imaginary line called the axis connects the characters and by keeping the camera on one side of this axis for every shot in the scene, the first character will always be frame right of the second character, who is then always frame left of the first. If the camera passes over the axis, it is called crossing the line or jumping the line.

e.g: In a dialogue scene between two characters, Justin (orange shirt, frame left in the diagram) and Drew (blue shirt, frame right), the camera may be placed anywhere on the green 180° arc and the spatial relationship between the two characters will be consistent from shot to shot, even when one of the characters is not on screen. Shifting to the other side of the characters on a cut, so that Drew is now on the left side and Justin is on the right, may disorient the audience.

Another example could be a car chase; if a vehicle leaves the right side of the frame in one shot, it should enter from the left side of the frame in the next shot. Leaving from the right and entering from the right will create a similar sense of disorientation as in the dialogue example.

(Source: louisegermane)

Stages of editing.

    1:Rough Cut

• Basic sequence
• Place on timetable in order
• No affects apart from sound/audio

    2: Assembly Edit

• Refining the rough edit
• Working to flow/pace/rythm

    3: Final Cut

• Tweaking
• Adding affects
• Sound/Audio

“Never be satisfied too quickly.”

(Source: louisegermane)

S.I.N.G.

SHUTTER:

• Is the artificial speed of film. It is used to discuss exposure time (The effective length of time a camera’s shutter is open). Total exposure is proportional to the duration of light reaching the film.
• Shutter speeds below 25 frames per second (FPS) will give a slow motion/slurry looking image. High shutters are used for fast motion images, taking in the least amount of light possible.

        Low shutter speed= more light taken in (Slow Image)

        High shutter speed= less light taken in (Fast Image)

• Zebra Lines are used for measuring exposure of the image. When zebra lines occur the image is overexposed and appears as pure white, featuring lack of detail. While detrimental to the image, this affect is sometimes achieved purposefully.

IRIS/APERTURE:

• Controls the amount of light that passes  into the camera. Light is taken in through the lens hole, the size of the hole is proportional to the amount of light taken in. A big aperture will let in more light, small aperture means less light.
• Links with f/stops and therefore Depth of Field (Focus). Each step to a lower level represents a doubling in the area of the aperture, which means a doubling in the amount of light passing i.e. a one-stop increase in exposure. Conversely  each step to a higher f/number means halving in the area of the aperture, which means reducing exposure by one stop.

Therefore just as shutter setting contributes to exposure (but also influences motion blur). Aperture setting contributes to exposure but also influences Depth of Field (DoF). It is the central factor controlling DoF;

Small apertures (e.g f/16) are used to achieve a high depth of field with the whole image in focus - foreground, mid - ground, background.

High apertures (e.g f/2.8) are used for a low DoF, isolating the subject focused in the foreground. Making it appear sharper against the blurred background.

ND (NATURAL DENSITY):

ND is a camera filter (either built in or attachable) to reduce the amount of coming into the camera, helping one to work in bright conditions and allowing flexibility to control aperture and exposure under different atmospheric conditions. ND filters function with the same purpose as ‘sunglasses for the camera lens’ and do so without affecting the colour balance.

GAIN:

Artificially increases brightness of the image by amplifying the signal of the image censor (CCD). Allowing one to manipulate the brightness of the image without dealing with f/stops of shutter speed. However, this method is usually detrimental to the image quality, producing noise and grain.

(Source: louisegermane)